![]() ![]() Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-negative bacteria stain red when this process is used. Gram-negative bacteria are classified by the color they turn after a chemical process called Gram staining is used on them. Interpretive reading of the antibiogram: A tool for clinical practice pp. Bacteria are classified by how they appear under the microscope and by other features. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modelling analysis. ![]() ECDC Stockholm, Sweden: 2020.Ĭassini A., Diaz Högberg L., Plachouras D., Quattrocchi A., Hoxha A., Skov Simonsen G. Antimicrobial Resistance in the EU/EEA-AER for 2019. Through a basic understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the clinician can better comprehend and predict resistance patterns even to antibiotics not reported on the antibiogram and can subsequently select the most appropriate antibiotic for the pathogen in question.Īcinetobacter baumannii Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae MRSA Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus VRE multi-drug resistant infections.ĮCDC. The purpose of this review is to summarize in a clinical manner the resistance mechanisms of each of these 6 pathogens, as well as the mechanisms of recently developed antibiotics designed to overcome them. These pathogens employ a multitude of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, such as the production of antibiotic deactivating enzymes, changes in antibiotic targets, or a reduction of intracellular antibiotic concentration, which render them insusceptible to multiple antibiotics. Of these, the vast majority of infections and deaths are caused by only a handful of species-multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp. Multidrug-resistant bacteria have on overwhelming impact on human health, as they cause over 670,000 infections and 33,000 deaths annually in the European Union alone. ![]()
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